Spoiler: DO NOT get one of these radios!
If you have one, don't use it!
(If you are of the "tl;dr" type, scroll down to the section titled "The Real Problem with this radio")
A couple of days ago an "interesting" mobile transceiver crossed my path - the SocoTran ST-7900D.
(This radio is also sold under different brands and names, including the "QYT KT-7900D".)
I say "interesting" - but what I really mean is "scary" - for anyone who ends up using this radio unawares!
Note: There is a follow-up to this article describing a 2 meter/222 MHz low-pass filter linked here.
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Figure 1:
Tiny "quad band" radio - but not really a quad band radio as only three
of the ranges include valid amateur bands!
Can you spot which one of the frequencies shown on the display
is not in a U.S. amateur band?
(Answer at the bottom of the page.)
Click on the image for a larger version. |
This radio is diminutive - a little tiny thing that, when you see the "<=25 watt" power rating, makes you wonder how much transmitting it would take to overheat it. To be sure, it does have a cooling fan, but it is
(literally) only slightly bigger than a postage stamp and is of dubious efficacy -
but more on that later. Also a bit alarming is that just sitting there, receiving, the radio gets quite warm - probably about 98 degrees F
(37C) in a 70 F
(21C) room.
This radio is billed as a "quad band" radio with its frequency coverage being listed as follows:
- 136-174 MHz: This includes 2 meters, plus lots of other things.
- 220-270 MHz: This includes the 1-1/4 meter band (a.k.a. the "222 MHz" band).
- 350-390 MHz: Used for military comms. - There are no U.S. Amateur bands in this frequency range.
- 400-480 MHz: This includes the 70cm amateur band.
In reality, only
three of its four "bands" are available to a law-abiding U.S. citizen... sort of.
Using the radio:
As is typical for inexpensive Chinese radios, the manual isn't very good - but it's "less bad" than many I've seen, but this isn't much help against the radio's shortcomings.
Problems with the menu system:
The menu system does not appear to be well thought-out. Here are a few examples:
- Similar items are not necessarily grouped together. If you want to set transmit offset, subaudible tone, offset direction, power, etc. you must awkwardly jump around between 10s of menu items to do this. On the test radio, the front-panel knob (the one on the right) didn't seem to reliably change the menu item number up/down so I had to use the up-down button on the microphone or look up the menu item in the manual and enter its number on the microphone.
- The menu selection may not start at the current setting. If you were to set the subaudible tone to 100.0 Hz and then later change it to, say, 123.0 Hz, you would go into the menu and see it at 100.0 Hz. However, when you pressed the menu button again to allow the parameter to be changed it will start at 77.0 Hz - the "first" tone in the list, rather than where it had previously been set, requiring you to go through the list again. For menu items with only a few selections this isn't too bad, but for something like the subaudible tone that has dozens of options this can be a pain!
- Menu settings to not take effect until you enter them. If you go to the squelch setting in the menu, you hit "menu" again and can change the setting - but it doesn't actually take effect until you press "menu" again to save it. In other words, to try several squelch settings you have to go back-and-forth several times.
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Figure 2:
The top side of the board.
The brass cover hides a large, surface-mount transistor
that is the power amplifier. The filtering may be
seen in the lower-right corner of the board.
Absent seem to be individual low-pass filter sections for
2 meters and the 222 MHz bands - or any
means of switching these filters in/out.
The cover plate for this radio is appears to be
genuine unreinforced ABS plastic: No annoying metal
RF shielding here! The potentiometer in the lower-left
corner of the picture sets the radio's reference frequency.
Click on the image for a larger version. |
- By strictly following the manual's instructions it does not seem possible to save a current frequency and its settings (tone, offset, etc.) into a memory. Perhaps there is some permutation of buttons that allows this, but the manual is not helpful on this point.
In short: If you
insist on using this radio
(if you read on, you'll see why you probably won't want to!) you are best-off using a program like Chirp to set it and its memories up.
Receive sensitivity and "desense":
Two radios were tested - we'll call them #188 and #198 - and the results were very consistent. The sensitivity of this radio on the amateur bands was very good
(probably "too good"): At under
0.15 microvolts the received signal was at least 12dB SINAD - but this
comes at a cost: The receiver is easily overloaded by strong signals
on the same "band". Badly, as it so-happens.
This radio was put on the test bench and it was given the "two tone" test in which a signal, modulated with a 1 kHz tone with +/-3 kHz deviation, was fed from a signal generator, through a hybrid combiner and into the receiver at approximately 0.5 microvolts
("almost" full-quieting - approximately 20dB SINAD) and another signal, unmodulated
(into the other port of the combiner) was made variable. In this test the "other"
(unmodulated) signal was increased until the SINAD of the desired signal dropped below 12dB SINAD - a very obvious degradation. Before we started this test, the "other" signal was checked with a spectrum analyzer to make sure that it was the signal itself and not its noise floor that caused the degradation.
This testing was done with the "other" signal separated from the desired one by 40 kHz
(approximately 2 "channels" away), 100 kHz, and 1 MHz - and checked again at 10 MHz. In all cases it was observed that the 1 MHz and 10 MHz "desense" values were pretty much the same, likely indicative of the inherent dynamic range of the signal path.
The results of this testing are as follows:
2 meters, test signal at 146.5 MHz:
- @40kHz separation: >= -60dBm caused noticeable degradation
- @100kHz separation: >= -60dBm caused noticeable degradation
- >=1 MHz separation: >= -44dBm caused noticeable degradation
222 MHz, test signal at 223.9 MHz:
- @40kHz separation: >= -65dBm caused noticeable degradation
- @100kHz separation: >= -60dBm caused noticeable degradation
- >=1 MHz separation: >= -40dBm caused noticeable degradation
70cm, test signal at 445.5 MHz:
- @40kHz separation: >= -70dBm caused noticeable degradation
- @100kHz separation: >= -65dBm caused noticeable degradation
- >=1 MHz separation: >= -40dB caused noticeable degradation
Note: The above values will likely vary +/- several dB from unit-to-unit.
Interpretations:
In this area, there are quite a few mountaintop repeaters and if such a hypothetical 2-meter repeater were to have an EIRP of 100 watts, it would yield a signal greater than -60dBm within a distance of approximately 20 miles line-of-sight when a receiver was connected to a unity-gain antenna. At 222 MHz and 70cm, the signal levels are similar, the typical repeater antenna's gain compensating for frequency effects. What this means is that if you are listening on a frequency to a weak signal and a repeater a couple of "channels" away were to key up, it is possible that the signal to which you were listening would "disappear" due to receiver desense.
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Figure 3:
Another view inside the radio. Note the blockage of
the cooling fan - and the lack of something else...
The small potentiometer above and to the right of the large
chip (near the center of the image) sets the "Low"
transmit power.
Click on the image for a larger version. |
In the case of the ">=1 MHz separation" case, these radios have a
very broad receive input filter for each "band" meaning that a 2 meter signal won't particularly bother a 222 MHz or 70cm signal
(unless it is very strong) - but
any signal in that receiver's "band" coverage can cause issues. For example, if you are listening to a weak-ish signal on 2 meters and a nearby transmitter on 159 MHz were to key up with a strong signal
(stronger than -44dBm or so) it would likely cause degradation.
What's worse, there may be
several such signals within the radio's currently-selected "band" that could combine their energy. In other words, several such signals
anywhere in the 137-174 MHz range would add cumulatively for a
total power that could be significantly higher than any single signal.
To be sure, many radios made by the "Big Three" overload easily, but this radio is particularly prone to doing so in an "RF busy" environment where there may be other transmitters within a few 10s of MHz - such as a parade or other public service event.
Finally, one will notice that the "@40kHz" specs degrade with frequency. The reason for this is unclear, but it is suspected that this may be due to limitations in the "all in one" receiver chip related to local oscillator phase noise and/or differences in the dynamic signal handling of this chip's on-board circuitry with respect to frequency.
Remember that the
entire receiver
("IF" filtering, amplification, limiting, demodulation) is all done in the digital domain, on the chip with the received signal being digitized at some point: It is likely that signals in close proximity with each other are being handled by different hardware filter types on the chip than widely-spaced signals.
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Figure 4:
Almost the smallest fan that I've ever seen - but
does it do any good?
Click on the image for a larger version. |
So, how good is this receiver overall? In terms of absolute sensitivity it is fine, but in terms of handling "other" signals it is rather poor. It is likely that this receiver would actually perform
better in the real world if it were
NOT quite as sensitive. In other words, there is
too much gain in front of the receiver section causing even moderately-weak signals to be strong enough to degrade performance: Losing 5-10dB of gain in the signal path
(after its RF preamplifier) would likely
improve receiver performance in congested areas.
Interestingly, rather than seeming to generate "intermod" with strong signals within the radio's RF passband where a "new" signal is created out of the combination of several, when overloaded this type of receiver
(an all-in-one chip using DSP techniques) seems to just go deaf, so the casual user may not be aware that there
is a problem at first.
Output power:
The power output was also pretty
close to what it should be. The specifications oddly states "<=25
watts" - and this seems to be true: At 15 volts, the output power was,
in fact, a bit over 25 watts, dropping to 10-15 watts at 10 volts, depending on frequency. Aside from the
obvious problem with harmonics
(mentioned below) that makes the
legal use of this radio rather dubious, this wide voltage range
(possibly) makes it a useful candidate for battery-powered portable operation - again, if it were actually legal to use on most of its "bands" as-is.
The "cooling fan":
Mentioned several times now is the "cooling fan" - but it may not do much good. Not only is this fan very tiny and incapable of moving much air
(and amazingly loud for its size) - but there are some other problems:
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Figure 5:
The tiny little fan is mostly blocked by the
aluminum casting and parts of the power amplifier that
are in the way. With the fan's blades mere millimeters
away from solid objects, it gets amazingly loud for
something so small!
Click on the image for a larger version. |
- The fan sucks - which is to say that it is set up to draw air through the case and exhaust it out the back - if that were possible: There aren't any vents or holes in the case to allow this. Even if there were holes, drawing air from inside the radio is not the most efficient way to cool nearby components unless airflow is carefully regulated.
- As can be seen in figure 5, most of the hole for the fan is blocked by the aluminum casting and some of the power amplifier components.
In other words, the fan is largely ineffective
(except at making lots of noise) and is probably there as much to make the user feel good when their radio gets too hot to touch. There will be a very slight amount of air movement around the components at the back of the board near the fan opening, but this will more likely be due to blade turbulence than actual fan-induced air flow, something that contributes to the amount of noise that it makes. Clearly, the efficacy of the cooling fan would be better if air flow were directed over the fins of the heat sink rather than into an aluminum wall.
Initially, I thought that the fan was thermostatically controlled, but after testing on the work bench I realized that this may not actually be the case: I'm thinking that the radio's computer simply winds up and down the fan speed slowly, depending on how long one transmits with it - but whether or not this is true remains to be seen.
Too much microphone gain?
While many inexpensive Chinese radios seem to have low transmit audio, this radio has quite the opposite problem: Even holding the microphone about 2 feet
(50cm) away from one's mouth and talking in a normal speaking voice caused the modulation to smash into the clipper pretty hard in both sample radios we tried.
(Clipping seems to be set to +/-4kHz when in the default FM "wide" mode.)
To be sure, having a bit too much audio is usually better than having too little, but the mic gain is so "hot" that your voice will sound a bit harsh and compressed - and everyone listening to you on the air will not only be able to hear everything that is going on in the room that you are in, but likely the bodily noises of any creature in your house as well. In any but the quietest vehicle, road noise will be competing strongly with your voice causing challenges with intelligibility.
Unfortunately, there is no menu item to adjust microphone gain, but it should be possible to make a change in the microphone itself to reset the gain to something more sane.
The FM Broadcast receiver:
Like many of these Chinese radios it will also receive FM broadcast stations. For this radio, connecting it to a typical amateur antenna in an area with fairly strong mountaintop transmitters located 15-20 miles
(20-30km) away caused the
(separate) FM broadcast receiver chip to be overloaded very badly, making it impossible to hear weaker "local" stations in the resulting muck: It took about 30dB of RF attenuation to prevent the "FM broadcast" receiver from being clobbered and for the weaker signals to become audible leading us to believe that, like the main communications-band receivers, the designers likely put
way too much gain in the front end.
Modes/situations in which this radio may not work:
This radio appears to be based on the same type of "everything-in-one" chips that the Baofengs are based on - quirks and all. Unfortunately, the nature of these chips - or at least the way that they are configured by the radio's processor - preclude their use in a few situations/modes, such as:
- In areas of very strong adjacent-frequency signals or multiple transmitters - due to easy receiver overload.
- For packet operation - because of slow transmit/receive turn-around time.
- For any sort of DF (Direction Finding) system that uses switched antennas - due to the variable audio phase/delay properties of the receiver - a known problem with the "all in one" receiver chips found on many inexpensive Chinese-made radios.
- Any sort of high-duty cycle operation - due to the tiny heat sink which will get plenty hot, even at "low" power.
A "calibrated" S-Meter?
Interestingly, the "S" meter on the front panel seems to indicate a 7-bit binary number - possibly from one of the chip's registers - that is proportional to the signal strength, each count being very close to 1dB, making it
(potentially) more useful than a typical radios' S-meter.
Unfortunately its range
(a bit more than 60dB) may not be entirely usable: It doesn't start indicating meaningful values until the signal is about full quieting
(between 0.5 and 1.0 microvolts) and it "pegs" at signal levels that would be commensurate with a transmitter several blocks away - and its update rate is fairly slow.
In other words, it's not useful for weak signals
(you'd have to use your ear and listen for quieting for those) or moderately strong signals
(e.g. a nearby transmitter) when it comes to direction-finding with a beam - although the latter could be mitigated with an outboard step attenuator.
(I am surprised that this thing doesn't also have a flashlight!)
* * * * * * * * * * * * * *
The real problem with this radio
Having buried the lead, the
real problem with this radio is when you use it on-air:
If you transmit with this radio as-is on 2 meters or 222 MHz,
you are breaking the law!
This is (literally!) the worst commercially-made radio I have ever seen in terms of harmonic/spurious output!
With any inexpensive Chinese radio
(or any radio, for that matter) my first inclination is to throw it on the workbench and see how it
really performs - which includes checking things like its sensitivity, power output, microphone gain, and spectral purity - and it is this latter point that made us catch our breath - this lesson having been learned when very cheap Chinese radios first appeared on the U.S. market about a decade ago.
The
real problem was the actual transmitter specifications: The literature states that spurious and harmonic energy is ">60dB" down -
but it is not!
For 70cm, this radio seems to be "Okay" - but for 2 meters the results for this particular radio
(let's call it "#198") were terrifying: The 2
nd and 3
rd harmonics measured both as being as high as -23dBc - the precise values varying quite a bit with supply voltage.
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Figure 6:
What appears to be the main CPU clock crystal: "If it
doesn't fit, just cram it in there!" - but hey, what do
you expect for around $70?
Click on the image for a larger version. |
Putting this into other numbers: For an output power of 25 watts at 2 meters, this means that the harmonics are approximately
125 milliwatts each -
roughly as much power as many handie-talkies produce when set to low power!
As an experiment we did something that we probably should
not have done with this radio:
We connected this radio to an antenna that is designed for both 2 meters and 70cm and transmitted.
In this case we transmitted on a 2 meter frequency that was 1/3
rd of a local UHF amateur repeater located about 20 miles
(30km) away on a mountaintop. The result was that the
3rd harmonic was
full quieting into that repeater!
If one peruses the FCC rules you will spot FCC §97.307(e). According to that rule, on a 2 meter transmitter of this power class we are allowed no more than 25 microwatts of spurious emission:
This radio exceeds that by a factor of approximately 5000 (about 37dB).
Remember: This was the 3
rd harmonic of 2 meters which, if you are operating within the 2 meter amateur band, will
always land
somewhere in the 70cm band - but what about the 2
nd harmonic -
which is just as strong as the 3rd? This would land somewhere in the 288-296 MHz range which is used for military communications - including aeronautical mobile. What this means is that it is possible that your 2 meter transmissions made with this radio could be heard from, perhaps up to 100 miles away by an aircraft in line-of-sight.
What about 222 MHz?
The situation there isn't quite as bleak as the second harmonic was between 42 and 50dB down - the precise level varying wildly with power supply voltage. Fortunately, any harmonic due to operation in the U.S. 222 MHz band
(which covers 222-225 MHz) will land in the 70cm band, but its level will also be a bit high: With 25 watts out on, say, 224.0 MHz the signal at twice this
(448.0 MHz) will be around 1.5 milliwatts.
This may not sound like much, but this signal would be easily audible via line-of-sight at a distance of 10-20 miles
(15-20km) -
and it still can exceed the FCC rules by a factor of 63 (about 18 dB).
* * * * * * * * * * *
"Are they all this way?"
(Updated 4 February, 2019)
Without testing each unit as it comes from the factory this question is impossible to answer, but I was able to obtain another unit
(we'll call it "#188") and it was almost as horrifying
(e.g. "slightly less terrible") in terms of its spurious output. Because of minor component variations, one can expect an
(essentially) unfiltered RF power amplifier to exhibit different properties in terms of spurious output - and these also vary based on temperature and power supply voltage.
I was able to put this radio on the RF bench, connecting it via a 40dB power attenuator
(known to be flat within +/-1dB from <1 MHz to 1 GHz) and record spectrum analyzer plots, shown below with comments.
The spectrum analyzer had been calibrated to take the attenuator into account and in the plots below the power of the signals can be read directly as dBm, with "50dBm" (100 watts) being the top line with 10dB vertical divisions.
Testing on the 2 meter band:
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Figure 7:
Radio #188 - which isn't as bad as #198, transmitting at 144.625 MHz, and 289.25 and 433.875 MHz - all with enough RF energy to be heard over line-of-sight distances of 10s of miles!
In this plot, the level indicated in the upper-right corner is that of the 4th harmonic. |
Figure 7 shows the output of this sample transmitting at its out-of-the-box default frequency of 144.625 MHz with a transmit power of 25 watts
(approximately +44dBm) with markers 2, 3 and 4 on the 2
nd, 3
rd and 4
th harmonics, respectively. The measured output level of these spurs are:
- 2nd harmonic @ 289.25 MHz: +16 dBm (40 milliwatts) 41dB above FCC §97.307(e)
- 3rd harmonic @ 433.875 MHz: +11 dBm (13 milliwatts) 36dB above FCC §97.307(e)
- 4th harmonic @ 578.5 MHz: -2dBm (0.63 milliwatts) 23dB above FCC §97.307(e) (This frequency falls within off-air TV channel 32)
While these numbers aren't as bad as those of the first radio tested, the levels of the 3
rd harmonic are still capable of bringing up a line-of-sight UHF repeater from 10s of miles away!
Not mentioned previously is the 4
th harmonic which, in this case, lands in the UHF TV band. What this means is that transmitting with this radio will likely disrupt nearby off-air viewing of whatever digital TV channel is on that frequency.
(Affected off-air TV channel frequencies include channels 31-34 depending on the 2 meter frequency being used.)
How about the top end of the 2 meter band at 148 MHz?
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Figure 8:
Radio #188, transmitting at 148.0 MHz as well as 296.0 and 444.0 MHz.
As mentioned previously, a signal of the amplitude shown in the UHF range is more than enough to key up a repeater!
In this plot, the level indicated is that of the 4th harmonic. |
Translating the above:
- 2nd harmonic @ 296.0 MHz: +16 dBm (40 milliwatts) 41dB above FCC §97.307(e)
- 3rd harmonic @ 444.0 MHz: +15 dBm (32 milliwatts) 40dB above FCC §97.307(e)
- 4th harmonic @ 592.0 MHz: -5dBm (0.32 milliwatts) 20dB above FCC §97.307(e) (This frequency falls within off-air channel 34.)
In this case the 3
rd harmonic is actually worse than at 144.825 MHz while the 4
th harmonic is 3dB weaker - but these differences are insubstantial in terms of legality. It's worth noting that the 4
th harmonic is at a frequency where the low-pass filter is
just starting to have its effect - which is why the higher-order harmonics are not really visible.
Again, we have significant energy in the UHF TV spectrum.
Testing on the 222 MHz band:
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Figure 9:
Radio #188 being tested at 224.0 MHz. The second harmonic is quite high, but at least it lands in an amateur band! The 3rd harmonic - which lands in the UHF TV U.S. "first responder" band - is probably strong enough to "blank out" reception on that channel in the immediate vicinity. Even though the marker says "450 MHz", it is reading the power of the 2nd harmonic at 448: The 3 MHz RBW and granularity of the wide sweep account for the offset. |
Translating the above:
- 2nd harmonic @ 448.0 MHz: -2 dBm (32 milliwatts) 23dB above FCC §97.307(e)
- 3rd harmonic @ 672.0 MHz: -20 dBm (0.01 milliwatts) 5dB above FCC §97.307(e)
As with the other radio, the harmonics are lower than they were on 2 meters with the low-pass filter having a significant effect at the 3
rd harmonic - but we can see that it is still 5dB above where it should
(legally) be. In this case the 3
rd harmonic lands in the middle of the public safety band - but its "not terribly far from being legal" level is not likely to cause much of a problem.
On 70cm:
Here we have 430 MHz:
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Figure 10:
Radio #188 again: As you might expect, the harmonics from 70cm are farther down - but still "there". |
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Translating the above:
- 2nd harmonic @ 860.0 MHz: -16 dBm (25 microwatts)
Oddly, FCC §97.307(e) doesn't list spurious/harmonic requirements for transmitters operating above 225 MHz so this is
technically not illegal, but it's worth noticing that this power level is about 9dB above where it would be were the rules for the other bands to apply - and it also lands in the "800 MHz" cell/mobile band.
Going to the top of the 70cm band we see this:
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Figure 11:
Radio #188 operating at 450 MHz. Interestingly enough, the 2nd harmonic is worse here than at 430 MHz. |
Translating the above:
- 2nd harmonic @ 900.0 MHz: -13 dBm (50 microwatts)
It's interesting that the 2
nd harmonic is twice as strong on this frequency.
If we were to presume that the power amplifier's "natural" 2
nd harmonic energy is -30dBc
(and that's being generous!) this tells us that the radio's low-pass filter is attenuating this harmonic by roughly 30dB - not really a very good filter.
But wait - there's more!
While testing the radio at 70cm, I noticed something else: When the radio was keyed up, it would briefly output a wide spectrum of spurious signals all over the place. This lasted, perhaps, 50 milliseconds - but it was definitely observable, as this "max hold" plot shows:
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Figure 12:
Radio #188 transmitting at 450 MHz, this "flash" of spurious signals was briefly output at key-up by the ST-7900D.
This plot was captured using the "max hold" feature of the analyzer with several, repeated "key-ups". This "feature" did not seem to be present on the 2 meter or 222 MHz bands. |
The spectrum plot in Figure 12 looks frightening - particularly the brief "spur" at marker #2 which landed in the middle of the UHF TV spectrum (or in the public safety band in some parts of the U.S.) with a power level of nearly 100 milliwatts! Also visible is a sprinkling of other signals - including a rather strong-ish signal in the 360 MHz area that has a power output of roughly +8dBm (approximately 6 milliwatts) - in the middle of the military comms band.
Practically speaking, such a brief "burst" isn't likely to cause much of a problem and quite a few older VHF/UHF transceivers made by "reputable" companies did this - but it is interesting nonetheless.
Comment: No transmit testing was done in the "300 MHz" range as we have no intention of using it there.
* * * * * * * * * * *
"But there's an FCC logo on the radio!"
If you look at the radio and its packaging, you will find an FCC logo: If you think that this automatically means that the radio is "OK to use",
you would be wrong.
No matter what the radio's specs say, what the reviews say, or what others say, if you are using a radio that, for some reason, does not meet the legal requirements -
YOU are responsible, even if you didn't know that it doesn't pass muster!
Why is this?
Because you agreed to this when you got your license.
In other words, the onus is ultimately on
you to make sure your gear is working properly - not the manufacturer - and if you happen to buy something that doesn't meet specs and get into trouble, it's ultimately
your fault.
Now that you have read this, if you use one of these radios on 2 meters or 222 MHz, you have no excuse at all.
Practically speaking, the FCC certification does
not mean that amateur gear is actually checked to see if its
transmitter has spurious outputs or not: If a piece of gear is checked at all it's usually just to see if it meets FCC
Part 15 rules which typically cover spurious radiation caused by the receiver, its computer, or other circuitry -
but not the transmitter, which is covered by Part 97, and being that amateurs are licensed under part 97,
you are ultimately responsible for making sure that the gear that you are using is in compliance.
Having said that, anyone could make something and simply slap an FCC logo on it!
After pointing out the terrible harmonics produced by this radio someone commented to me:
"Wow! It's a tri-bander any time you key up on 2 meters!"
Why did they do this?
It's cheaper, of course!
In "older" radios it was common to have a separate power amplifier for each band - each with its own filter - but with today's inexpensive power RF MOSFETs a single amplifier like the one in this radio can work over a very wide range of frequencies - but this means that you
must switch the appropriate filter inline for the band being used.
This switching is typically done with RF PIN diodes and/or relays - but either one of these options
(particularly PIN diodes) gets to be pretty expensive
(adding a couple of dollars to the bill of material) when you get into the 10s of watts at UHF frequencies. Because this radio was "built to a price" it is almost inevitable that something was left out - and among those things that was omitted was
proper low-pass filtering of the transmitter!
* * * * * * * * *
"I got one of these radios - can I modify it to make it legal"
The quick answer is NO, not if you use it anywhere other than the 70cm band.
The problem with this radio is that it seems to have only one low-pass filter after its (single) power amplifier. On other radios (e.g. Yaesu, Kenwood, Icom)
there would be a separate filter for each amateur band after the power
amplifier to remove the harmonics for that band - but this radio seems
to have just one - and it doesn't seem to have too much of an effect
below roughly 550 MHz.
What this means is that this low-pass filter does absolutely nothing for any harmonics or spurious signals below roughly 500 MHz - and this is why the 2nd and 3rd harmonics of the 2 meter band and the 2nd harmonic of the 222 MHz band is way out of compliance!
What
if you continue to use this radio, anyway? At least on 2 meters, the
2nd and 3rd harmonic signals are quite potent and may be heard from a
great distance line-of-sight. There is good news: Because this is an FM radio, when someone using this radio IDs, their callsign will be clearly heard on these same spurious signals,
so they should be easy to identify.
If you have one of these radios and wish to operate it
legally on 2 meters or 222 MHz, you would need to do the following:
- For 2 meters, you use an outboard low-pass filter that will attenuate the 2 meter 2nd and 3rd harmonics by at least 40dB.
- For 222 MHz, you use an outboard low-pass filter that will attenuate the 222 MHz 2nd harmonic by least 30dB.
What this means is that you would not be able to use this radio for transmitting on more than
one band without having to swap out low-pass filters.
Note: There is a follow-up to this article describing a 2 meter/222 MHz low-pass filter linked here.
In short:
You cannot legally transmit with this radio "as is" on
the 2 meter or 222 MHz bands.
* * * * * * * * *
"I got one of these radios - what should I do?"
I would suggest that you not use it on other than 70cm without the use of an outboard low-pass filter.
If this isn't what you had in mind when you got the radio I suggest that you consider getting a refund from the seller as it is "not suitable for its intended use."
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Answer to the question in Figure 1: Actually, two of the frequencies shown - 245.625 and 350.025 MHz are not amateur frequencies!
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This page stolen from ka7oei.blogspot.com
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