"What are these 'dongles' of which you speak?"
Stepping back for a moment, the "RTL" SDR dongles have been around for a few years, so-called because they typically contain as one of their active devices the Realtek RTL2832U. These devices - costing roughly $10 (more or less) also contain a device (a Rafael Micro R820T in the case of the one pictured) with an onboard frequency synthesizer, I/Q mixer and (8 bit) A/D converter that allows one to receive signals from 50 MHz (or lower) to well above 700 MHz - sometimes way above 700 MHz, just using a computer with reasonable horsepower and FREE software!
While the thought of an 8 bit A/D converter and its rather limited dynamic range (40-ish dB) might make it sound like these devices may be useless when connected to an antenna, the fact that they convert only a limited range of frequencies (approximately +/- 2.4 MHz at most) around the tuned frequency - plus the "oversampling" nature of the raw A/D sampling rate of the 8 bit converter means that relatively narrowband signals can have quite good ultimate quantization range. What can suffer is when, within the sample-rate passband there are signals that range widely in signal strength: Under such conditions it is recommended that one "finesse" the gain controls for optimum input signal levels to the A/D converter. Another deficiency from which they suffer is quantization noise - that is, the inability to "see" weak signal that are down in the mud, plus the tendency for this noise to somewhat "spread" the energy of nearby, stronger signals around and raise that noise floor.
Perhaps the most popular software to do this is "SDR#" (a.k.a. "SDR-'Sharp'"). Easily found via a web search, this software is compatible with many software defined radio packages and it supports many modes and features, also offering many optional plug-ins.
These low-cost USB dongles were intended to allow the reception of digital TV and FM/Digital Audio broadcast (but not the sort of TV or digital audio broadcast that is used in North America) on a computer so they were designed to tune from something around the low-medium VHF range - say, 20's to 50's of MHz and up, almost completely leaving out the HF frequency bands.
Several schemes have been devised to allow the use of these handy devices to receive HF and these typically involve the use of some sort of upconverter to translate the HF frequencies from as low as the AM broadcast band up to a range that these devices will tune. Another scheme - used here - is to feed HF directly into the "Q" input of the RTL chip - this input not normally being used with its frequency converter.
So, I soon found myself with the device pictured in Figure 1 in my hands. Getting busy with life and other things, it was a few months before I got around to playing with it and while I quite easily got it working on the "UV" input which, on this particular unit tunes from just below 25 MHz to over 1 GHz (although I'm not sure exactly how far above 1 GHz...) but I was puzzled as to how to configure it operate at HF.
How to make it work on HF:
Back then, a web search didn't help as there was a plethora of hits on "RTL SDR Upconverter" so I removed the unit from its case and found the callsign "BA5SBA" on the board that you see in Figure 2 and got a hit with Google on a German page (this one - LINK - you may need to run it through a translator, so try THIS LINK which may or may not work...) While this web page didn't describe exactly what I needed to do, it did provide enough clues to get it working!
Comment:
- More recently, the some of the sellers on EvilBay are including in their postings some basic instructions on how to get these devices to work on their "HF" ports, but what follows below contains more information - and is hopefully easier to find and more permanent - than an EvilBay posting!
Using a signal generator set to 5 MHz I connected it to the "HF" input of the device and, just for kicks, tuned SDR# to 5.000 MHz as well. After a bit of fiddling about, I finally found how to configure the unit to receive at HF.
- STOP the SDR receiver first by hitting the square "stop" button at the top.
- Bring up "RTL-SDR Controller" window (accessible by clicking on the "gear" symbol)
- Under "Sampling Mode" set it to "Direct Sampling (Q Branch)". Note: You cannot change the sampling mode without first STOPPING the SDR.
- Restart the SDR by pressing the "start" button (the right-pointing triangle resembling a "PLAY" button)
Once I had done this I saw the 5 MHz signal on the display!
Comments:
- By default, SDR# will set the "RF Gain" setting in this same "RTL-SDR Controller" window (see Figure 6) to minimum gain (all the way to the left.) If you leave it there, the SDR dongle will be EXTREMELY DEAF when it is in the normal "Quadrature Sampling" mode. When you have it in either "Direct Sampling" mode this control is disabled.
- I would suggest checking the box that says "RTL AGC" and moving the RF Gain control in either "Quadrature Sampling" or "Direct Sampling" modes: If you do not do this your receiver may be very deaf!
- I experimented with using this device with the "HDSDR" program and found that at HF, its sensitivity was noticeably worse than that obtained when using it with SDR#. I'm not sure why this might be, but it seems to have something to do with the way the "ExtIO" driver - or HDSDR itself - handled the internal gain settings of the dongle.
Figure 3: A screenshot of SDR# showing the configured "Shift" for the mixer. Click on the image for a larger version. |
Now I am very surprised that I can tune SDR# to "5.0" MHz and see the 5 MHz signal that I am inputting as the chip on this dongle should not function at that frequency! What I expected to have to do was as follows as shown in Figure 3:
- Knowing that the onboard mixer uses the 28.8 reference oscillator, check the "Shift" button on SDR#.
- Enter a frequency of "-28800000" (yes, negative 28.8 million) into the box as shown in Figure 3.
- Note: There is a bug in some versions of SDR# that, if you are already tuned to a frequency lower than the "shift" frequency, the tuning may not work properly until one sets a much higher frequency with the 100 MHz digit and tunes back down.
- Having done this, one need not mentally add the desired HF receive frequency to 28.8 MHz: The receive frequency is simply input to the main frequency tuning as one would any other frequency!
- If the 28.8 MHz frequency reference oscillator is somewhat off frequency one must first set the frequency using the "normal" VHF/UHF mode and calibrate it in the "RTL-SDR Controller" window and THEN, after switching to HF mode as described above, one can input a frequency that is slightly different from 28.8 MHz as needed to correct the offset. I did not have to make any correction at all!
- The 28.8 MHz reference oscillator supplied with this unit appears to be quite good and stable and was only off a few PPM: Your mileage may vary.
- If you want to use the VHF/UHF input again, remember to reset the "Sampling Mode" back to "Quadrature Sampling" and UN-CHECK the "Shift" box that is visible in Figure 3.
Comments on the design of the HF mixer and its limitations:
Sensitivity (or the lack of...)
Figure 4: The low-pass filter in front of the mixer. Click on the image for a larger version. |
Nyquist rules!
The other problem is that the sampling rate on this input is 28.8 MHz. What this means is that there is a Nyquist limit of 14.4 MHz - and that means that any signal above 14.4 MHz will reappear again as an "image" at a lower frequency, approaching Zero Hz as it approached 28.8 MHz. In other words, if you were tuned to 7.1 MHz in the 40 meter band, you would also hear a signal at 7.1 MHz below 28.8 MHz, or 21.7 MHz! This also means that if you were trying to listen on 21.1 MHz in the 15 meter band, you would hear a signal at its 7.7 MHz image! The situation is worse on 10 meters since the 28.8 MHz local oscillator is nearly in the middle of this band: An FM signal on 29.5 MHz would also appear on 28.1 MHz!
Figure 5: The response of the low-pass filter depicted in Figure 4. The bandpass response is the solid line. Click on the image for a larger version. |
If you look at the circuit board in Figure 2 you'll notice several components in the foreground, namely a number of inductors and surface-mount capacitors, all with the values marked on the silkscreen. Presuming that the values of these components are as-marked, I drew the schematic in LT Spice that is shown in Figure 4 and simulated it with the result in Figure 5. As can be seen, this low-pass filter effectively blocks signals much above 40 MHz or so, offering more than 40 dB of attenuation above 60 MHz.
Other than keeping signals from low-band TV and FM broadcast out of the "HF" input, this filter does not help us at all in our image problem. Because this filter does not block signals immediately above 28.8 MHz, we have another set of images that occur which means that a signal that is at 33.8 MHz - 5 MHz above 28.8 MHz - will also show up at 5 MHz!
If there are no signals (or noise!) on these "image" frequencies, there should be no problem, but this is likely not to be the case during the daytime on a large wire antenna - which means that if you really want to use this dongle for serious HF reception, you need some sort of filter in front of it, either a separate Low Pass (below 14.4 MHz) and High Pass (above 14.4 MHz) to be used individually, or you could use a tunable preselector to pass only the frequencies of interest. (There would be a problem with 10 and 20 meters as these bands are close to or include the Nyquist frequency!)
Possible modifications:
If you look at Figure 2 you'll note that there are several small "prototype" areas on the circuit board. These are large enough to allow the construction of some simple circuits, namely a bit of additional gain (amplifiers, filters) to improve the sensitivity of the receiver.
As mentioned before another useful modification - one external to this box - would be the addition of a preselector to filter a narrower range of frequencies. Another would be to simply add another oscillator of a much higher frequency (say, 100-150 MHz) and feed it into the mixer to put the Nyquist limit completely above the HF band.
Is this "HF" input useful as-is?
In general, yes, with a good antenna. Despite its flaws, when one casually tunes around the HF bands its problems do not immediately jump out, at least on the lower bands.
The biggest advantage of this particular SDR Dongle is that it seems to have quite a stable oscillator on board - much better than the $8 USB "stick" that I have experimented with previously: This one seems to move only a few 100 Hz from cold start even at UHF frequencies whereas the very cheap ones seemed to move all over the place with temperature!
To be sure, one could probably get better HF performance by building (or buying) an upconverter for this sort of SDR that uses a much higher local oscillator frequency - say, 100 MHz - but if one upconverts all of the HF frequencies en-masse, there are a few things that one must remember:
- If you use a chip like the NE602, it may simply overload when connected to a full sized HF antenna unless you are prepared to add switchable attenuation to it and/or a preselector!
- On a full-sized antenna, intercepting and converting the entire HF spectrum can represent quite a bit of signal energy. If the HF upconverter that you are using does not, itself, overload, there is a good change the the converter chip in the RTL-SDR itself will overload with so much energy from such a wide variety of frequencies! Remember: The receiver chips in these dongles were intended to work with the relatively weak and sparse broadcast signals intercepted on small, indoor antennas, not the entirety of the HF spectrum when the bands are open!
- If you use a separate upconverter circuit - say, to 100 MHz - the frequency stability will be dependent on that 100 MHz local oscillator and the reference used by the dongle itself for its normal operation. With two oscillators, there is the greater potential for drift, a fact exacerbated by these oscillators effectively operating at rather high frequencies.
Figure 6: The screen for configuring the dongle's hardware. Click on the image for a larger version. |
A few brief comments on using it at VHF/UHF:
Remembering to set it to the "Quadrature Sampling" mode when using the "U/V" input, there are a few things to know when using this device - and possibly others like it - with SDR#.
Clicking on the "gear" symbol will open a screen such as that depicted in Figure 6 that allows modification of settings related to the dongle's hardware. In particular, note the check in the box for RTL AGC and the lack of a check in the Tuner AGC box: The RTL AGC box is necessary in both the Quadrature Sampling mode to get the most gain out of the device.
The Tuner AGC box - which is only available when Quadrature Sampling mode is active - if checked, does not seem to work properly in the the version of driver and/or SDR# at the time of initial posting of this blog entry (March, 2015) as it seems to increase the gain too much, causing overload of the A/D converter and actually reducing performance - particularly if a decent antenna is connected! (This is really where the deficiencies related to just having 8 bits of A/D conversion start to show up: With higher resolution - and higher dynamic range - the "sweet spot" in which the performance would be good would be wider.)
Figure 7: Top: Properly adjusted RF gain setting Bottom: The degradation from too much RF gain! Click on the image for a larger version. |
Figure 7 demonstrates the problem. The top half of the image shows an optimally adjusted amount of gain - a setting of 12.5 dB for this particular antenna (yours will vary!) while the bottom shows a gain setting of 37.0 dB.
Even though more signal is reaching the A/D converter in the bottom example, it is way too much and the converter is being badly overloaded, causing the noise floor to rise from below, submerging weaker signals! If the RF gain is sett too low, degradation can also occur, but this time from too little signal.
The idea is to adjust the RF gain so that there is there is the maximum difference between the highest signal and the noise floor seen between stations - even if the absolute level of the signals may be lower, overall!
[End]
This page stolen from "ka7oei.blogspot.com".
Thanks for this very useful article...it saved me hours of googling.
ReplyDeleteI just got the unit you described, and hooked up a long wire antenna. Much to my surprise, I got WWV on 10 Mhz!! I then got brave and looked for the Point Reyes, CA HF wefax station, and it came booming in on LSB! I downloaded SeaTTY to display the FAX. For some reason,after the download finished and I installed the program, I was no longer able to hear any audio on LSB...and the volume slider got stuck. When I go to AM, or DSB or USB I get audio, and the slider is working again. Any ideas?
Thank you. SDR# and a home made antenna from 300 ohm FM antenna modified into a dipole with added 24 guage speaker wire(15 feet approx) to make a dipole fed to the NooElec tiny balun and a sma male/male adapter gave me signal from the antenna stuck out a second story window. Tuning is finicky but saving the preset helps. Tuned in SSB to Europe and PSK31( with FL Digi) on 20 M tonight. WO4MW
ReplyDeleteI bought a new version of this device that looks like the one above but has an orange circuit board that reads BA5SBA 2015.08.23 I can tell that the HF upconvertor works using HDSDR by way of the LO IN time base subharmonic displayed at 14.4 MHz and the fundamental at 28,8 MHz. However with a wire of about 50 feet I do not get any signals at all, not even an increase in the noise level. On UV I can tune local FM stations and local CB radios, although the CB radio stations are weak and must be within a mile or so. Either the sensitivity is low to begin with and there is some attenuation on HF that might require about 30 dB of gain to make usable or else I have a device that has something wrong from its HF low pass filter and what appears to be a single transistor preamp. Can you give me some advice on this? Do I need to add gain or do you suspect there is something wrong?
ReplyDeleteYou didn't mention it, but make sure that the "Sampling Mode" is NOT set to "Quadrature Sampling", but rather "Direct Sampling" or else you will get nothing on HF: "Quadrature Sampling" is useful only at VHF/UHF.
ReplyDeleteAlso be sure to check the "RTL AGC" box.
I'm hoping that it's as simple as that!
As noted, the sensitivity isn't particularly good so a mismatched antenna/wire may not yield much in the way of signal, but you should be able to hear some local AM stations, if there are some strong signals nearby: If you hear these, it's probably OK.
Best of luck!
Huhhh Guys,
ReplyDeleteI've just received the kit and started to assemble!
(and digging the net back and force)
Cross your your fingers for that I could couple those Q pins correctly!
Nail polish fixing is drying right now!
I am Hardly waiting the results...
Besides, the VHF/UHF part seemed OK with rtl_fm under Linux - getting
far Taxi conversations, and local PMR's. (and Star Music FM of some sort)
The DVB-T stuff with Kaffeine - as this dongle is developed for this - was obvious.
The dream of receiving everything is on the verge of success!
Regards
HA5PS